Questions

What makes something a work of art?

Does substantive knowledge ultimately depend on experience, or can reason provide it independently?

Can we know that a mind-independent external world exists?

What distinguishes scientific knowledge from metaphysics, ideology, speculation, or ordinary belief?

Are space and time features of things as they are independently of us, or only the form in which things must appear to beings who sense as we do?

What makes a statement true — what is truth?

If nothing can be known for certain, should we say so and follow whatever seems most convincing, or refuse even to say that and suspend judgment on everything?

What must be added to a true belief to make it knowledge?

Are human actions causally determined, and can people be free and morally responsible if they are?

Which parts of the natural world have moral standing in their own right?

What ultimately makes an action right: the duty it fulfils, the consequences it brings about, the character it expresses, or God's command?

Does human existence have meaning, and what would confer it?

What gives rise to suffering, and what makes its cessation possible?

What makes a conclusion follow logically from its premises?

Are human actions causally determined, and can people be free and morally responsible if they are?

How many fundamental substances does reality contain, and of how many kinds?

Is reality fundamentally permanent and unchanging, or is change itself fundamental?

Are space and time features of things as they are independently of us, or only the form in which things must appear to beings who sense as we do?

What makes one event a cause of another?

What makes a statement true — what is truth?

Are there real universals, such as the redness that many red things share, and if so, do they exist apart from the things that have them?

What makes a sentence cognitively meaningful rather than meaningless?

What facts make a linguistic expression have the meaning that it has?

Is there an enduring, substantial self at all, or only a stream of changing states?

What, if anything, makes a person the same self from one time to another?

Are space and time features of things as they are independently of us, or only the form in which things must appear to beings who sense as we do?

Is the mind an immaterial reality distinct from the body, or is it entirely physical?

What makes a state the kind of mental state it is, such as a pain or a belief: its physical make-up, or the causal role it plays?

Which parts of the natural world have moral standing in their own right?

Does God exist?

What distinguishes scientific knowledge from metaphysics, ideology, speculation, or ordinary belief?

How should a society distribute goods, opportunities, and burdens among its members?

What makes a social structure unjust?