Philosophy of Mind

Persistence of the Self

What, if anything, makes a person the same self from one time to another?

Positions

  1. Bundle Theory

    There is no persisting self, only a bundle of ever-changing perceptions; what we call personal identity is a fiction the mind ascribes to them on the basis of resemblance and causation.

    On whether the self persists: identity over time is a fiction the mind builds from the resemblance and causation among perceptions; nothing simple endures to be re-identified.

    Held by British Empiricism

  2. Psychological Continuity

    A person persists over time through overlapping chains of memory and psychological connection, provided the chain does not branch.

    Held by British Empiricism

Methods used to investigate this question

  • Thought Experiment

    A thought experiment constructs an imagined case and reasons through it to isolate a principle, intuition, possibility, or conceptual consequence.

    Open in Methods

Discussion

A person changes in body, memory, and character over a lifetime, yet is ordinarily counted as one and the same person throughout. Psychological continuity, Locke's answer as later philosophers refined it, places that sameness in overlapping chains of memory and psychological connection linking earlier and later stages of a life. Hume's bundle theory denies that anything persists to be re-identified: a self is a bundle of changing perceptions, and its identity over time is a fiction the mind builds from the resemblance and causal links among them.

This is distinct from whether an enduring self exists at all — a prior question the map treats separately under Existence of the Self.

References